Intervista: Jean-Louis Aillon

 

Intervista

 Jean-Louis Aillon

Vicepresidente Movimento per la Decrescita Felice e referente del gruppo tematico “€œDecrescita e Salute”€

 

Jean-Louis Aillon, 28 anni, medico, specializzando in psicoterapia dinamica adleriana. E'ˆ vicepresidente del Movimento per la Decrescita Felice e referente del gruppo tematico "€œDecrescita e Salute"€. E'ˆ stato fondatore e presidente del circolo della Decrescita Felice di Torino e del Comitato Rifiuti Zero Valle d'€™Aosta. A livello di ricerca, si interessa principalmente dei temi inerenti la decrescita, la salute (in particolare nell'€™ambito dell'€™etnopsichiatria critica e della psichiatria culturale) e i giovani.

 

Background information

Il Movimento per la Decrescita Felice (MDF) è un movimento italiano nato e cresciuto informalmente dall'inizio degli anni 2000 sui temi della demitizzazione dello sviluppo fine a se stesso, e successivamente sfociato in un'associazione fondata da Maurizio Pallante, esperto di risparmio energetico. Il movimento parte dal presupposto che la correlazione tra crescita economica e benessere non sia necessariamente positiva, ma che esistano situazioni frequenti in cui ad un aumento del Prodotto interno lordo (PIL) si riscontra una diminuzione della qualità  della vita. 
Il 29 Luglio 2013, il gruppo tematico "€œDecrescita e Salute"€ di MDF è stato convocato per un'€™audizione alla Camera dei Deputati nel corso dell'€™indagine conoscitiva dal titolo "€œLa sfida della tutela della salute tra nuove esigenze del sistema sanitario e obiettivi di finanza pubblica"€, portata avanti dalle Commissioni riunite V (Bilancio, tesoro e programmazione) e XII (Affari sociali).
E'€™ intervenuto in videoconferenza Skype Jean-Louis Aillon, vicepresidente di MDF e referente del gruppo tematico Decrescita e Salute. Egli ha spiegato come nell'€™attuale scenario, chiusi fra la morsa della crisi economica da una parte e il vincolo del pareggio di bilancio dall'€™altra, declinando la visione della decrescita nell'€™ambito della sanità  si potrebbe uscire dalla terribile "€œimpasse"€ in cui ci troviamo. Si tratta di invertire l'€™attuale rotta, di costruire un nuovo modello di salute, di cura e quindi di sanità. Al centro dovrà  esserci la salute, il pieno benessere fisico, psichico e sociale degli esseri umani, piuttosto che il profitto delle multinazionali del farmaco e degli "€œstakeholder"€ sanitari, la qualità  al posto  della quantità. Ciò significa investire risorse, in primis, nella promozione della salute e nella prevenzione delle malattie agendo in via prioritaria sui determinanti di salute a livello della società  (ambiente, stili di vita, condizioni socio-economiche e culturali), coinvolgendo i cittadini e le comunità  in questo processo,  favorendo la resilienza della comunità  stesse e del sistema sanitario, decentralizzando le cure a livello del territorio. Parola d'€™ordine: "€œmeno e meglio"€, ovvero efficienza ed appropriatezza delle cure, combattendo il consumismo farmaceutico e il cosiddetto "€œdisease mongering"€, ovvero la commercializzazione delle malattie (Decrescita e salute. Aillon.audizione commissione affari sociali.29.07.13).

Nel merito, il Dr. Aillon è stato intervistato da GESPAM:

GESPAM:  Dr. Aillon, può dirci qualcosa circa l’€™origine, la struttura e l’€™operatività  del Gruppo “€œDecrescita e Salute”€ di cui è referente?

Jean-Louis Aillon: Il gruppo nasce in seguito ad un percorso di riflessione su questi temi che ho inizialmente intrapreso quando ero studente in medicina, nel 2009. Organizzammo allora, con il collettivo degli studenti “€œmedici senza bandiere”€, una conferenza dal titolo “€œDecrescita in medicina”€, dove intervenni insieme a Maurizio Pallante. In seguito vi sono stati altri eventi e sempre più persone mi hanno contattato per discutere e riflettere assieme su questi tematiche, fino a quando, nel 2011, abbiamo deciso di costituire ufficialmente il gruppo.

Il gruppo tematico “€œDecrescita e Salute”€ fa parte del Movimento per la Decrescita Felice (MDF) ed è costituito attualmente da un gruppo eterogeneo di persone (medici, psicologi, operatori socio-sanitari e cittadini interessati),  provenienti da tutta Italia e facenti perlopiù parte di MDF (ma non solo). Lavoriamo prevalentemente via web tramite una mailing list e, saltuariamente, ci troviamo di persona. Il gruppo è aperto: chiunque vi può partecipare e proporre una riflessione o un progetto.

GESPAM: Maurizio Pallante ha detto che “€œLa decrescita è il capovolgimento dell’€™assunto che la crescita illimitata sia il fine delle attività  economiche e produttive”€. Quali implicazioni per la salute?

Jean-Louis Aillon: L’€™implicazione maggiore è, forse, il porsi la seguente domanda: la crescita economica senza limiti e fine a se stessa è la chiave di volta per ottenere “€œsalute per tutti”€ (come ci raccontano tutti i media), oppure costituisce essa stessa uno dei principali impedimenti per raggiungere questo obiettivo?

Pensate, per esempio, al seguente paradosso: se stiamo fermi con l’€™automobile in mezzo al traffico, se mangiamo cibi contaminati con la diossina, se lavoriamo stressati dieci ore al giorno, ci ammaliamo maggiormente e consumiamo più medicine. Stiamo male ma il prodotto interno lordo cresce ed alcuni economisti direbbero che aumenta “€œil nostro benessere”€! Parlare di decrescita nell’€™ambito della salute implica, quindi, il mettere in dubbio il dogma della crescita (“€œpiù crescita=più benessere=più salute”€) e rimettere al centro la salute.

GESPAM: In termini di salute, e non solo, quale fine ultimo per la decrescita così intesa?

Jean-Louis Aillon: Il fine ultimo è quello di mirare a garantire la massima salute possibile (intesa come pieno benessere fisico, psicologico e sociale) a tutti gli esseri umani di oggi e di domani, svincolando il Sistema Socio-sanitario dalle pressioni produttivistiche del sistema della crescita (dove spesso i pazienti, invece di essere il fine ultimo, rischiano di diventare un ingranaggio della “€œmegamacchina”€, un mezzo per garantire profitto ai grandi stake-holders del settore), agendo a 360 gradi nella società  sui vari determinanti di salute.

Decrescita e salute, significa però anche invertire il “€œtimone culturale”€ della crescita, ovvero svincolare la scienza biomedica dalle influenze generate, nel corso dei secoli, da un sistema economico basato esclusivamente sulla crescita del pil (e non sul perseguimento del ben vivere dell’€™umanità ); affrancarla da una visione miope della scienza e del progresso (€œmaterialista, meccanicistica, biecamente riduzionista e non olistica) la quale ha fatto dell’€™uomo un oggetto di studio come gli altri, trascurandone le varie dimensioni essenziali (non materiali), la sua unitarietà  e la sua complessità  (soprattutto a livello emotivo). La decrescita, come in economia, si propone di riorientare la medicina secondo un carattere prettamente qualitativo (e non quantitativo), riportando l’€™unicità della persona al centro del processo medico e promuovendo tutte quelle pratiche che mirino al reale benessere psico-fisico e sociale dell’€™essere umano, inteso nella sua globalità  (abbandonando tutte quelle pratiche che invece perseguono interessi diversi). Inoltre in antitesi con l’€™approccio scientifico/positivistico “€œla medicina della decrescita”€ non contrappone l’€™uomo alla natura attraverso una logica di dominio e di controllo assoluto, ma vede l’€™uomo come parte della natura stessa, in armonia con essa e promuove un concetto di salute che non può prescindere dalla cura e dal rispetto dell’€™ambiente circostante. Ci richiede di “€œdecolonizzare il nostro immaginario”€ (sia per gli operatori della salute, che per tutti noi potenziali pazienti) dall’€™idea di onnipotenza insista nella medicina e nella società  occidentale odierna, riappropriandoci del concetto di limite per cominciare a guardare al mondo con occhi diversi.

GESPAM: Determinanti della salute e pilastri per l’€™azione: può precisare?

Jean-Louis Aillon: Maurizio Pallante ritiene fondamentale, per mettere in pratica la decrescita, agire su quelle che definisce le tre gambe di uno sgabello (tecnologie, stili di vita e politica) che sostengono il pianale del nuovo paradigma culturale. Un simile esempio potrebbe esser fatto per la salute con l’€™immagine di quattro pilastri: prevenzione, partecipazione, riorganizzazione del Servizio Sanitario e nuovo modello di salute/cura.

La questione dei determinanti di salute – legata alla prevenzione primaria e alla promozione della salute –  è fondamentale e consiste nel primo pilastro: la colonna portante del nuovo modello a cui vorremmo arrivare. Le ricerche indicano che il nostro stato di salute dipende in misura maggiore dalle nostre condizioni socio-economiche, ambientali e culturali, che dal  Servizio Sanitario 1-3.  Una società  basata su una crescita economica senza limiti e regole (il moderno neoliberismo) centralizza ed investe la maggior parte delle risorse dedicate alla salute nel Sistema Sanitario (sotto la pressione dei vari stakeholder), mentre investe poco o nulla sulla prevenzione delle malattie e sulla promozione della salute (che purtroppo non “€œfruttano”€ molto). Inoltre, i meccanismi alla base della crescita economica (indiscriminato sfruttamento del capitale umano e naturale) portano sostanzialmente al peggioramento dei determinanti ambientali e delle condizioni socio-economiche (crescenti ineguaglianze) per la gran parte della popolazione. Per fare un esempio, è come se, nevroticamente, cercassimo di togliere dell’€™acqua da un secchio con una mano e con l’€™altra aprissimo il rubinetto!

Penso sia quindi fondamentale dare priorità  alla riparazione del rubinetto, alla prevenzione primaria e alla promozione della salute, agendo in via prioritaria sui determinanti di salute adottando una prospettiva multisettoriale e transdisciplinare che coinvolga tutti i settori e gli aspetti dello sviluppo nazionale e della comunità legati alla salute 4-5.  Si tratta, quindi, di tutelare l’€™ambiente, promuovere maggiore equità  sociale ed una cultura attraverso la quale possano delinearsi stili di vita più sani e sostenibili..

Vi sono però anche degli altri pilastri, non meno importanti, che sono alla base del nostro pensiero e senza i quali il nostro intero edificio sarebbe destinato a crollare. Il secondo pilastro, fondamentale, è la promozione della partecipazione e del coinvolgimento dei cittadini e delle comunità  nelle scelte politiche inerenti la salute, nell’€™ottica di una gestione collettiva del bene comune rappresentato dal Sistema Sanitario Nazionale (SSN) 6.

Vi è poi la riorganizzazione del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale secondo una logica di efficienza e appropriatezza (“€œmeno e meglio”€), una sua decentralizzazione nell’€™ottica di valorizzare sempre più la medicina di comunità 7,  promuovendo inoltre una integrazione con il mondo delle medicine alternative e complementari (agendo in un’€™ottica di rete, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la promozione della salute, prima ancora che nel versante della cura) 8-9.

Il quarto ed ultimo pilastro è, infine, lo sviluppo di un nuovo modello di salute, cura e sanità  che ponga al centro la persona vista in una prospettiva olistica (entità  bio-psico-socio-spirituale in continua relazione con il circostante ambiente fisico e relazionale), la relazione fra gli operatori socio-sanitari ed il paziente, e che cerchi di applicare il necessario riduzionismo senza rinunciare a contemplare la complessità  (e quindi la soggettività) nella sua totalità,  riconoscendo i limiti della medicina stessa e della scienza in generale.

Questi sono, in sintesi, i fondamenti di un nuovo modello di sanità. Pilastri che necessitano di un nuovo paradigma culturale, del pianale della decrescita, per poter diventare solide basi su cui edificare un futuro migliore per la nostra salute.

GESPAM: Dalla enunciazione alla pratica: cosa proponete?

Jean-Louis Aillon: Agire con tutti i mezzi a disposizione, nelle nostre possibilità, a due livelli. Dal punto di vista individuale come cittadini è fondamentale promuovere certe idee ed una particolare visione del mondo e della salute, anche partendo da piccoli progetti concreti o dalle nostre scelte quotidiane. Prima di parlare di medicina di comunità, serve infatti che vi sia una comunità!  In secondo luogo è importante impegnarsi politicamente (agli alti come ai bassi livelli) perchè queste idee possano trasformarsi un giorno in politiche concrete.

Da questo punto di vista penso che grande importanza possano avere le associazioni che si occupano di salute. Esse potrebbero essere il collante fra lo Stato (e quindi il Sistema Sanitario Nazionale) e le comunità.

GESPAM: Dr. Aillon, il vostro “€œProgetto medici per la decrescita”€ è imperniato su 10 principi: può riferirci?

Jean-Louis Aillon:  Si tratta fondamentalmente di 10 principi (vedasi Decrescita e salute. Aillon.audizione commissione affari sociali.29.07.13) che riassumono molte delle questioni sopracitate e che ogni medico può impegnarsi a rispettare dichiarandosi un “€œmedico per la decrescita”€. L’€™obiettivo del progetto è duplice: da una parte favorire i cittadini nella scelta di un medico che abbia una certa visione della medicina (e del mondo), dall’€™altra favorire la diffusione da parte del medico delle idee inerenti la tematica “€œdecrescita e salute”€. Stiamo, inoltre, lavorando ad un decalogo per il paziente ed altri operatori sanitari.

GESPAM: Nel merito, sono in corso, o programmati, collegamenti con altre realtà  operative nazionali o internazionali?

Jean-Louis Aillon: A livello internazionale per ora il campo “€œDecrescita e Salute”€ è praticamente inesplorato, nonostante siano davvero molte le realtà  che lavorano “€œinconsapevolmente”€ in quest’€™ottica. Per ora ci stiamo concentrando sul panorama italiano. Sono numerose ed eterogenee le realtà  che si occupano di questi temi nel contesto italiano e, proprio nell’€™ottica di costruire una rete insieme (ed inoltre dialogare con il mondo della politica), stiamo organizzando con il Movimento per la Decrescita Felice un’€™importante conferenza (1a Conferenza Nazionale Decrescita, Sostenibilità  e Salute: associazioni e politica a confronto) che si terrà  il 28 Ottobre alla Camera dei Deputati (via Campo Marzio 74, aula dei gruppi parlamentari, Roma). Parteciperanno le seguenti associazioni: Cittadinanza Attiva, Associazione Medici per l’Ambiente – ISDE Italia, Centro Salute Internazionale, Università  di Bologna / People’s Health Movement, Medicina Democratica, Slow Food, Osservatorio italiano sulla Salute Globale, Associazione Frantz Fanon, Giù le mani dai bambini, No Grazie pago io, Psichiatria Democratica, Associazione per la Medicina Centrata sulla Persona Onlus, Segretariato Italiano Studenti in Medicina, Andria e la Società  Italiana per la Qualità  nell’Assistenza Sanitaria.

Per  maggiori informazioni potete visitare il seguente link: http://www.eppela.com/ita/projects/541/1a-conferenza-nazionale-decrescita-sostenibilit-e-salute    oppure il nostro sito: http://decrescitafelice.it/

GESPAM: Grazie Dr. Aillon per la disponibilità  ad approfondire con GESPAM queste assolute priorità.

 

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1 World Health Organization, The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986

2 Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.

3 Marmot M, Wilkinson R, eds. Social determinants of health: the solid facts. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.

4 Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma- Ata, USSR, 6–12 September 1978. [Internet]: available at http://www.who.int/hpr/archive/ docs/almaata.html.

5 The World Health Report 2008 – primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever), [internet] available at http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/index.html

6 Declaration of Alma-Ata. International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma- Ata, USSR, 6-€“12 September 1978. [Internet] available at: http://www.who.int/hpr/archive/ docs/almaata.html.

7 The World Health Report 2008 – primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever), [internet] available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2008/en/index.html

8 World Health Organization 2002,WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy, 2002-€“2005, Geneva 2002, [internet] available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2002/who_edm_trm_2002.1.pdf

9 World Health Organization ,”Beijing Declaration”, WHO Congress on Traditional Medicine, 7-9 November 2008, Beijing, China, [internet] available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/congress/beijing_declaration/en/

News Link n. 64

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 64

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UNITED Nations Human rights: Seminar on the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, 2013 Room XXIV, Palais des Nations, Geneva, 3-4 October 2013

20% of DCI to health & basic education 

28 Ottobre 2013, Camera dei Deputati, Roma:  1a Conferenza Nazionale Decrescita, Sostenibilità e Salute 

Salute e cooperazione internazionale: la FNOMCeO per il volontariato medico e la collaborazione tra istituzioni (Roma, 4-5 ottobre)

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An ontology of health and sustainable health regions

It is questionable if there has ever been made an attempt to use diplomatic acting, to steer the EU towards a European regional framework.  A framework which should only be based on  politics  used to enforce communicative social systems of networks, and  on indicators of health, well-being and happiness of EU citizens

 An Ontology of Health and Sustainable Health Regions

 

By Tomas Mainil*  

Associate professor, HZ University of Applied Sciences

Capacity group Health, Governance and Transnationalism

From an outside perspective, the EU can seem like several countries or nation states with different goals and different strategies. It is very difficult for the EU commission to govern these states, or act as an interludium.  Historical conflicts have always been embedded within these nation states.  It is questionable if there has ever been made an attempt to use diplomatic acting, to steer the EU towards a European regional framework.  A framework which should only be based on  politics  used to enforce communicative social systems of networks, and  on indicators of health, well-being and happiness of EU citizens.  Power builds at a regional level where regional and city governments have to decide and show vision how to organize  and to govern in such a manner that communities of citizens are still  encouraged to support the political leadership.

What is the solution to mediate the power display of political decision processes?  One possibility is the installment of a framework of sustainable – but also self-regulating health regions in the EU DNA of nation states.  Hypothetically , if France and Germany would be organized   in a similar set of health regions (Mainil, 2013; Botterill, Pennings and Mainil, 2013), the result would be that in the following years, national borders would become less intrusive in citizens’€™ lifes, creating a EU space of health regions, not based on political modes of power, but based on a balance of communicative action and strategic action.

To apply this knowledge to an existing case, we see now that Belgium and the Netherlands are slowly moving towards a joint economic agenda.  Both countries have recently experienced a new king on the throne of their monarchies, which enforces the national identity of their citizens. Both countries have an efficient health system, different in character, but focused on the provision of health care for their own patients.  The quality of their health systems should also enforce the streams of transnational patients to Belgium and the Netherlands, however.  Following some recent articles from the New York Times (Rosenthal, 2013), US citizens are choosing to be treated in Belgium.  The Dutch province of Zeeland is putting efforts to construct itself as a sustainable health region. We have arrived at a momentum in which health and health care systems are challenged on economic and structural efficiency. The next step could be to use health care as an engine to distribute power more equitably, and to enforce sustainable networks of systemic health regions.  One big hurdle are the un-moving movers: medical professionals work in power constellations.  This leads to a strategic confirmation of this group of professionals.  As transnational health care is being developed, new generations of medical doctors have the choice to engage or to confirm.

This rationale towards a dialogical regionalism is currently only a powerless philosophical stance.  Given the need for efficiency and cost budgeting in the national frameworks, however, it could also be seen as a functional tool to formalize governance.  The recently adopted EU Directive on the application of patient rights is a EU initiative to regulate patient mobility.  We argue that the additional governance structure of sustainable health region development could instigate the further development of the existing regulative framework on patient mobility.  The focus of the capacity group Health, Governance and Transnationalism is to assess and test the viability of self-regulating health regions.  The first case studies will be executed in the Netherlands and Belgium.

 

Sources

Mainil, T. (2013). Transnational health care and Medical Tourism: Understanding 21st century patient mobility; towards a rationale of transnational health region development. NRIT Media

Botterill, D., Pennings, G. and Mainil, T. (2013). Medical tourism and Transnational health care. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.

Rosenthal, E. (2013). In Need of a New Hip, but Priced Out of the U.S. The New York Times, august 3

 

* Dr. Tomas Mainil is Lecturer at Breda University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands).  He is responsible for the research line ´Transnational health care in sending and receiving contexts´ which was originated at the Centre for cross-cultural Understanding (CCU). He is research fellow at the Research Centre for Longitudinal and Life Course Studies (CELLO), University of Antwerp (Belgium).  He holds an MA in Sociology (Medical Sociology) and a MSc in Quantitative Analysis, and previously worked at the University of Antwerp (department Sociology) and Ghent University (department of General practice and primary health care) on health-related subjects.  His main interests are globalization and health, the policy and governance dynamics of transnational health care (PhD) and the internal and external characteristics  of the transnational health user. 

 

 

News Link n. 63

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 63

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Economic development and rural land rights

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COOPERAZIONE ITALIANA ALLO SVILUPPO: APPROVATI 57 PROGETTI PROMOSSI DA ONG

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News Link n. 62

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 62

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PHM Global News, August 2013 

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Growing Share of HIV/AIDS Burden Shifts to Changing Group of Regions 

Survey: 7 out of 8 persons say US residents should not pay more than other high income countries for NIH funded drugs

How to ensure access to good quality, safe and effective medical products in the African Region

‘Strategic Philanthropy’ Shifts Too Much Power to Donors

How realtime evaluation can sharpen our work in fragile states

Will there actually be an aid minister under Abbott?

 

 

 

 

News Link n. 61

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 61

Research for universal health coverage: WHO’s World health report 2013 

Questions and answers on Universal Health Coverage…and some more comments and open questions

UNITAID strategy 2013-2016 

DNDi: Connect to fight neglect 

Costi disumani: la spesa pubblica per il “contrasto dell’immigrazione irregolare” 

Why Does the U.S. Need Immigration Reform?

Why We Should Repeal Mandatory Detention of Immigrants

Jim Kim’s ‘science of delivery’: what role for politics?

Change is coming to the World Bank… or is it?

Giving the Poor What They Need, Not Just What We Have

India: Getting Water on Tap in Rural Kerala

Drawing Parallels: Why Drought Persists in Sub-Saharan Africa amidst Arab Springs  

Political will key to ensuring water and sanitation for all, says UN-backed report 

Children pay the price for poverty 

Infographic: Twelve goals to eradicate poverty  

Three Text Messages That Are Changing Africa

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From relief to digital food: The changing face of humanitarian aid

 Why South Africa’s land reform agenda is stuck

Non-food crops lock up enough calories to feed 4 billion

Focus on Poverty: How can we feed ten billion people?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

News Link n. 60

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 60

Early success raises hope for malaria vaccine

Global vaccination community turns its back on getting new vaccines to refugee children 

EU pressed to do more to combat AIDS in Eastern Europe

EC position on financing for development: mixed report card

Public Engagement in Health Priority Setting in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Current Trends and Considerations for Policy

Trade union agreement shakes up Italian NGOs

LA FORMAZIONE NELLA COOPERAZIONE ITALIANA

What would poor people do if they were in charge of the post-2015 process? 

The cost of hunger in Swaziland 

The Right To Nutrients: World Food Programme’s New Approach To Food Assistance 

Executive Perspective: Behind the Brands, Oxfam ranks big food

Reactions To Treaty On Plant Genetic Resources For Food And Agriculture 

HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa: challenges, policies, actors  

Which Region Has The Fastest-Growing HIV/AIDS Epidemic In The World? 

Africa: Betting On Africa – How Japan Is Turning Aid Into Partnership

Medicines Patent Pool, Roche Strike HIV-Related Medicine Pricing Agreement 

What Does WTO Extension For LDCs To Enforce IP Mean For Pharmaceuticals? 

ABCs of IDA – Climate Change

A new focus for U.S.-China cooperation: Low-carbon cities

Global Fund News Flash: Issue 23

USAID hosts innovation fair to avert maternal and child deaths

 

 

 

 

Addressing the Spread of HIV in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

 

Addressing the Spread of HIV in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

                                                

By Anke van Dam M.D. , and Corie Leifer, MSc.

 

AIDS Foundation East-West (AFEW)

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

 

Rates of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) are growing alarmingly faster than anywhere else in the world. In fact, EECA is the only region where HIV prevalence clearly remains on the rise

 

 

HIV and AIDS rising

Rates of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) are growing alarmingly faster than anywhere else in the world (Bahromov & Weine, 2011). In fact, EECA is the only region where HIV prevalence clearly remains on the rise. The number of people living with HIV has almost tripled since 2000 and reached an estimated total of 1.4 million in 2009. Key populations such as sex workers (SW), men who have sex with men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWID) have an increased risk of contracting and transmitting the virus because of the inherent risky behaviors in these activities.

 

The context

The past. Over the last 30 years, HIV/AIDS has killed 25 million people worldwide (UNAIDS, 2009). The introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has lengthened the lifespan of people with HIV and delayed the onset of AIDS. However, ART is an expensive, lifelong treatment that requires a strict and demanding regimen. To limit the costs and effects, an important solution to conquering this disease remains through prevention. Public awareness campaigns that focus on promoting safe behaviors and providing education on topics such as methods of transmission, dispelling myths, and reducing stigma are crucial in helping to combat the spread of the disease.

The present. Although the number of officially reported cases across the region reaches into the hundreds of thousands, most experts agree that as many 1.5 million HIV-positive individuals already exist in EECA. In 1987, the first case of HIV was registered in the USSR, marking the start of the epidemic in EECA. Despite the late appearance of HIV in the region, it is home to one of the fastest growing epidemics. The relatively late start of the HIV epidemic in this region offers a unique opportunity to develop and implement effective programming to avoid the inevitable health, social and economic catastrophes witnessed in many other parts of the world. But looking at the current rise of HIV cases in this region it seems that we have lost this window of opportunity.

The world. Though sub-Saharan Africa still bears a disproportional amount of the burden of HIV, the crisis there has received much awareness and an infinite number of international and domestic organizations work to address this issue (UNAIDS, 2010). On the contrary, in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the epidemic has received little international attention. The AIDS Foundation East-West (AFEW) is one of a handful of international organizations that addresses the HIV epidemic in this part of the world.

The region. As a product of political, civil, and economic unrest, circumstances that are conducive to the rapid spread of HIV such as poor access to information and public health services as well as high-risk behaviors such as injecting drugs and sex work, are common in countries that were formerly part of the Soviet Union (Bahromov & Weine, 2011).

 

The Transmissionof HIV in EECA

People who Inject Drugs (PWIDs). The HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia is typically driven by the unsafe injection of drugs and by onward transmission to the sexual partners of PWIDs (UNAIDS, 2013) In fact, according to the World Health Organization, 80% of HIV cases in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are related to injecting drug use (WHO, 2013).

Between 11 and 21 million people worldwide inject drugs, and of those approximately 20% may be infected with HIV (IDU reference group, 2013). More specifically, in 2012 UNAIDS estimated that more than 15% of people who inject drugs in Belarus and Tajikistan are living with HIV; more than 20% in Ukraine; and more than 50% in Estonia. (UNAIDS, 2013)

Nearly 22% of the worldwide injecting drug users live in Eastern Europe, compared with 6.5% that live in Western Europe and 14% living in North America. Furthermore, greater than 30% of people who both inject drugs and are HIV positive live in Eastern Europe, compared with less than 4% in Western Europe and 11% in North America (UNAIDS, 2013).

HIV has disproportionately affected young people across EECA who are increasingly experimenting with injecting drug use, which has contributed to the rapid growth in the epidemic. However, an increasing percentage of newly registered cases have listed unprotected heterosexual contact as their cause.

 

Addressing the HIV Epidemic

Harm reduction. AFEW encourages a harm reduction approach to managing the connection between HIV transmission and injecting drugs. As the name implies, harm reduction focuses on reducing the harm to individuals, communities, and society caused by drug use. It includes policies, programs, and services such as overdose prevention and management, needle and syringe exchange programs, opiate substitution treatment, and condom distribution. Harm reduction aims to alleviate the moral judgment of PWIDs, and encourages a safe environment that promotes healthy behaviors and advocates for their human rights. By creating a supportive environment, including education programs, opioid substitution therapy, and other specialized services, health risks of injecting drug use can be minimized. (EHRN, 2013)

Training Public Officials. AFEW is implementing activities to prevent, treat and care for HIV , based on best practices to the local conditions in other countries across the region. Currently, AFEW carries out programmes in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Ukraine. By providing training to medical personnel and public officials, AFEW aims to improve and integrate medical access and healthcare for the affected key populations (SW, MSM, LGBT, prisoners) and people with HIV or AIDS, to decrease stigma associated with the disease, and to utilize innovative strategies to promote healthy behaviors. It is only with the understanding and assistance of the community that this HIV/AIDS epidemic can be managed.

 

 

AIDS Foundation East-West (AFEW) is a Dutch, non-governmental, public health organisation working in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) to reduce the impact of HIV among vulnerable populations.

AFEW is an NGO with Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) since 2011.

 

Anke van Dam (Executive Director since February 2012), born in 1958 in the Netherlands, graduated from Erasmus University in Rotterdam as a medical doctor in 1983, received a specialist degree as a general practitioner from Rijksuniversiteit in Leiden in 1985, and graduated as a community health specialist from the Netherlands School of Public and Occupational Health in Utrecht in 1998. She began her career as a general practitioner near Rotterdam, providing care to many immigrants from Turkey and Morocco. She then moved from the clinical setting and began working on issues related to sexual health and HIV as a trainer, an advisor and a consultant, including proposal writing and program evaluation. Before joining AFEW, she held a senior management position at Rutgers Nisso Groep, the Dutch Expert Centre on Sexuality. In addition to this breadth of knowledge, Anke’s work experience spans the globe from Southeast Asia and Africa to Eastern Europe and Central Asia. She joined AFEW as Director of Programs in January 2008.

Corie Leifer (Office Manager since January 2013), was born in 1981 in Connecticut, USA. After earning a bachelor degree in communications and another in nursing in the United States, she moved to the Netherlands in 2011 to earn a Master of Health Science degree with a focus on International Public Health from Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. During this study, Corie completed her internship at AFEW and subsequently joined AFEW as Office Manager. As a research intern, she investigated the use of SMS campaigns to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. Corie has international marketing and communications experience, having worked at Operation Smile, Inc. and Trader Publishing Company prior to returning to school. Corie is also a Registered Nurse licensed in the Commonwealth of Virginia, USA.

 

 

 

News Link n. 59

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 59

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 3 Unexpected Ways to Improve Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Aid worker job specs in the network age

 

 

 

 

News Link n. 58

The news links are part of the research project GESPAM (Geopolitica, Salute Pubblica e Accesso alle Medicine/Geopolitics, Public Health and Access to Medicines), which aims to focus on the best options for the use of trade and government rules related to public health by resource-limited countries.

 

News Link 58

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MPP Annual Report 2012