Access to Health in Sudan

Mindful insights, including possible solutions and innovative ideas, are being offered here by a field engaged Sudanese General Medical Practitioner regarding the challenges and obstacles hindering an equitable access to health in Sudan

By Hanan Abdel Aziz Marhoum

General Medical Practitioner

Insights on Access to Health in Sudan

 

Being a General Medical Practitioner who worked for non-profit organizations from 2005 till 2017 in remote areas like Darfur Region, I do believe that I have compiled some insights and points of view regarding challenges and obstacles hindering access to health in Sudan. Though some of these insights might be very obvious and common knowledge to everyone whether inside or outside the medical field, yet I believe that we can still discuss it and give it a fresh look if we approach it from a different perspective.

Ultimately we can foresee and anticipate why and what factors are hindering our progress and innovation and hence hopefully we can alter and change and mould our innovative suggestions and solutions and be open to new ways of execution if we want to reach our goal which is provision of access to health to  ALL.

FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO HEALTH IN SUDAN

Factors affecting access to health differ depending on whether the area targeted is rural or urban.

In Urban Areas main factors are:

  • Brain-Drain of medical staff: Many doctors and nurses migrate from the country just a few years following graduation leading to big human resource – HR gaps especially at the big hospitals and casualties which ultimately led to a decrease in the quality of care given to patients and in some incidents due to lack of qualified staff and/or experience resulting in professional medical mistakes and loss of lives.
  • Lack of motivation of staff: Due to the low salaries and incentives, staff can hardly afford their living let alone affording purchase of medical references or regular participation in advanced medical conferences/workshops/forums etc. as all these have to be done on the staff own expenses and desire without any financial support from the Ministry of Health except for post-graduates who are being given scholarships from the Ministry.
  • Lack of appropriate Infra-structure and appropriate medical staff: Most of the well-equipped and well-built hospitals in Khartoum are actually belonging to the private sector and very few are belonging to the Ministry of Health and this logically results in provision of quality care and services to the patients who can afford the high expenses and fees of the private sector hospitals, while those who cannot afford it will for sure head towards less equipped hospitals or health centers or even go to traditional healers and herbal medicines practitioners. Actually in the recent 10 years the herbal medicine practitioners evolved and flourished as more of the public approached them for treatment for various diseases including even cancer. They even requested from the government a legislation of their activities and even were on the verge of making their own pharmacies. They even had regular advertisements in the national media claiming they can treat all types of serious diseases and gained many believers among the general public!!
  • Inadequate allocated national budget: It is no secret that the budget allocated for health is about 1% of the national budget!!!!!! Of course Sudan being torn with conflicts and wars, the government allocated more funds to meet the needs and expenses of those conflicts. So what can the Ministry of Health do with such a small allocated budget? While affecting the National Strategic Planning for Health Services and Care, this also  affected the mapping and distribution of health services; and since adequate funds were not available, there was inadequacy and failure to execute those plans e.g. the return back of Malaria as a disease in Sudan, after it was almost completely eliminated following the withdrawal of Global Fund from financing malaria and TB programs.
  • The sanctions put by the USA on Sudan and its impact on the economic status of the country: It also led to a severe shortage in meeting the demands of pharmaceutical companies importing medical drugs as the Central Bank could not secure enough currency for them to be able to import adequate amounts of drugs. This resulted in a big crisis and shortage of life-saving drugs.
  • Alleviation of the financial support of medical drugs given by the Ministry of Health: this directly impacted the medicines related to chronic diseases such as renal failure, diabetes, and psychiatric diseases. Those who could not afford the purchase of their chronic regular medications had to stop taking them or to become irregular in taking those medications or to decrease their doses against and without medical advice or to seek alternative medicine drugs like honey, garlic etc.!!!!
  • Political Factors: The economic status and the continuous drop in the value of the Sudanese Pound against the US Dollar impacted negatively the public and, with the added shortage in life-saving drugs and the increased fees of medical care, people started to aggregate in protests against the previous regime. Finally they ended it in April 2019 and currently the new government is trying its best with the support of the International Community to recover and support improvements in all fields.

As for the Rural Areas I will not go into much details as they are very obvious and known: so poverty, lack of qualified Human Resources and medical centers, marginalization, centralization of medical care at Khartoum level only and the main cities, influence of traditional healers, lack of education and ignorance, lack of adequate and appropriate means of transportation, lack of electricity and other essential services etc.

CONCLUSION

If we look at all the above mentioned factors we find that they are all having a common denominator which is that they resulted from more than 30 years of being under Sanctions a country put on hold for that long and this impacted its economy, led to brain-drain and progressive continuous decline in all aspects of life not just Access to Health.

So how can we innovate?

Well first we should include everybody in the brain-storming and in the discussion, we as Sudanese we should focus on altering and shifting Sudan from being a poor country to a strong and better place.

Solutions and innovative ideas related to access to health in Sudan should be unique to us, adapted to our perspective and identity in order to be achievable and successful. It should include the reality of our ethnicity being both African and Arab, it should evolve knowing that Sudan with its different regions and states and many local languages resembles a continent with many different countries so what we can execute in one country might not be the ideal or suitable solution for the other country.

We should also include the opinions of the local staff and people and approach this issue from their perspective and adapt our innovative ideas accordingly especially as we still have some gender issues and Taboos as well as we still in some regions suffer from the harmful traditional practices.

Another aspect of access to health is the umbrella of the National Health Insurance which has under it all the employees but does not include those who have no jobs except some special categories. So, how can we include those deprived from it to ensure that access to health is for all?

Finally, Access to Health is a very broad topic and unique to each country in its execution and perspective as well as in approach. Innovative suggestions will be dependent on the local understanding and approach to the topic and without the participation of the local people nothing would be accomplished. Any innovation from abroad needs to be adapted to the local culture and has to include in it the political and economic as well as the understanding of the context for it to be realistic and acceptable by the targeted community.

 

The Oxford Statement and The MedsWeCanTrust Campaign

The path toward universal access to quality-assured medical products requires a multidisciplinary approach whereby pharmaceutical regulation is not seen (anymore) as a technical issue that is dealt with by technical experts in isolation, but rather as an important component of pharmaceutical systems, that is strictly interconnected to the other systems’ components; and that should benefit from collaboration with policy makers, health economists, social scientists, researchers etc.. 

In this regard, the recent publication, in the Lancet Global Health, of the Oxford Statement and call to action for global access to quality-assured medical products, is a welcome development

By Raffaella Ravinetto

Institute of Tropical Medicine

Antwerp, Belgium

The Oxford Statement and The MedsWeCanTrust Campaign

A Call for Equity in Global Health

 

Access to quality-assured medical products for all, is a fundamental prerequisite to achieve universal health coverage (UHC), but it is hampered by a variety of political, structural and financial problems. Among them, the high prevalence of substandard and falsified medical products, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), represents a significant threat to individual and public health [1]. Health systems worldwide need to design and implement policies that ensure availability and affordability of quality-assured products.

Strengthening the capacity of National Medicines Regulatory Authorities (NMRAs) in LMICs is surely a key priority, given that to date less than 30% of the World Health Organization (WHO) Member States have a stringent NMRA, meaning a NMRA with the capacity to fully perform the functions required to ensure that medicines, vaccines and other health products, work and do not harm [2]. But problems faced by most LMICs are more complex and multifaced. In 2017, for instance, the Lancet Commission identified five areas that are crucial to essential medicines policies: assuring the quality and safety of medicines, but also paying for a basket of essential medicines; making essential medicines affordable; promoting quality use of medicines; and developing missing essential medicines [3].

This list of “priority policies” clearly shows that the path toward universal access to quality-assured medical products requires a multidisciplinary approach, including expertise in health systems, pharmaceutical regulation, quality assurance, intellectual property rights, health financing, social sciences etc. In this multidisciplinary approach, pharmaceutical regulation is not seen (anymore) as a technical issue that is dealt with by technical experts in isolation, but rather as an important component of pharmaceutical systems, that is strictly interconnected to the other systems’ components; and that should benefit from collaboration with policy makers, health economists, social scientists, researchers etc.

The recent publication, in the Lancet Global Health, of the Oxford Statement and call to action for global access to quality-assured medical products, is therefore a welcome development [4].  It comes as a follow up to the first-ever international Conference on Medicine Quality and Public Health (Oxford, United Kingdom, 2018). At that time, delegates had issued the short Oxford Statement, calling for investment, policy changes, and action to eliminate substandard and falsified medical products [5]. The newly-published Statement is significantly expanded with a Call to Action, in order to support some key-strategies of the WHO (i.e., the “Prevent, Detect and Respond” strategy; the Global Benchmarking Tool for NMRAs; and the WHO Prequalification team); to advocate for increased investments to build the capacity in regulation, manufacturing, supply chains and post-marketing surveillance; and to advocate for research on the impact of poor-quality medical products, and on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to eliminate them. The Call is accompanied by a detailed Research Agenda.

One decade ago -and perhaps, even more recently- the subject of poor-quality medicines was discussed by technical experts, and it was relatively neglected by other stakeholders in health systems and global health. Today, the Oxford Statement is supported by more than 150 signatories, issued from a variety of different professional backgrounds, skills and expertise, showing a growing  awareness of the importance of these “technical” aspects, for the performance of health systems and for the achievement of UHC.

As recognized by the signatories of the Statement, the Call to Action will be translated into concrete actions only if supported by multi-sector political commitment, and if accompanied by solid partnerships across key-stakeholders such as regulators; Ministries of Health, Finance, Trade, Research; manufacturers, distributors and purchasers of medicines; funding and implementation agencies; researchers; law enforcement agencies; and the civil society, including patients’ and grassroots organizations.  But it is already an excellent news that the initial call does not come from a group of “technicians”, but from a multidisciplinary group of committed individuals and organizations.

Those who wish to support this call, can join the #MedsWeCanTrust Campaign (https://medswecantrust.org/get-involved), a platform that raises awareness of the impact of poor-quality medicines, noting that this problem “cannot be confined to technical, isolated conversations”, since “they are a fundamental breach of patient trust with life-or-death consequences”. The Campaign strives to inspire collective action and unify a diverse and broad coalition of partners, for achieving the policy changes necessary to ensure that the medical products that reach people work. We hope that also PEAH’s readers will be inspired, and will contribute to spread the call.

 

References

[1] World Health Organization. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for substandard and falsified medical products. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017. http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/m/abstract/Js23373en/

[2]  https://www.afro.who.int/news/tanzania-first-african-country-reach-important-milestone-regulation-medicines

[3] https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31599-9/fulltext

[4] Newton PN, Bond KC, on behalf of the Oxford Statement signatories. Global access to quality-assured medical products: the Oxford Statement and call to action. Lancet GH 2019; 7: e1609-11

[5] https://www.tropicalmedicine.ox.ac.uk/events/medicine-quality/mqph2018/oxford-statement

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Letter of support for AIFA Director General Dr Luca Li Bassi – 7 November 2019

Letter of support for AIFA (Italian Medicines Agency) Director General Dr Luca Li Bassi sent to Roberto Speranza, Italy's Minister of Health - 7 November 2019. The letter was signed by 21 organizations and 24 individuals

 Letter of support for AIFA Director General Dr Luca Li Bassi sent to Italy’s Minister of Health – 7 November 2019

   
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Financialization of Health and the Impact on Peoples’ Lives

Overexpansion of the finance industry remains one of the systemic drivers of rising inequalities, in the face of the international community’s engagement to reduce them through the 2030 Agenda. This article maintains that, while the right to health is constantly redesigned to play an ancillary role to financial markets, the global health community needs to raise its visual spectrum beyond diseases to better understand and address the speculative dynamics of finance advancing in the health sector, with little promise of sustainability. Actually, the financialization of global health is in the crosshairs at a time when complex questions arise around governance, democratic, cultural and market related relevant issues 

 By Nicoletta Dentico

Executive Director, Health Innovation in Practice (HIP), Geneva

Steering Committe Member, Geneva Global Health HUB

Financialization of Health and the Impact on Peoples’ Lives

 

We live in a globalized economic system that is bound to reproduce a vicious cycle of inequalities. Rising inequalities between the global North and the global South, the economically privileged and the marginalized, among different genders and minority identities, have been historically reproduced and structured across generations, so much so that these are today the defining feature of our time. It is an undeniable fact that global challenges such as climate change and environmental degradation affect us all as humans living on this planet. Yet, they do not affect us all equally. Indeed, the impact of global warming is mostly felt by those who have least contributed to it, by those who are most marginalized from public service delivery, most exposed to economic instability and environmental crises. Growing economic disparity and wealth concentration kindle political inequality in all parts of the world, by expanding the capacity of corporate and financial élites to influence policy-making at national and international level, and therefore protect their wealth and dominant positions, or outright privileges. There is indeed an urgent need for people’s movements to converge around a common agenda for taking back our economies, reclaiming public services and protect natural resources.

The efficient allocation of capital is one of the most valuable tasks in a global economy, and it is impressive to realize that while three decades ago the average holding period of a stock was four years, today it is only 22 seconds. This is to say that finance has a tremendous potential. But we can do much better. The 2008 global financial crisis is a stark reminder that laissez-faire did not work.  Financial markets left to themselves produced too-big-to-fail banks and did not trigger competition but rather oligopolies and vacancy of regulators. The prices of financial assets did not manage to signal the incoming crisis. The very high payments that come with profitable speculations which disrupt the economic system in countries and lead to collapse and misery for the million people affected – “financial weapons of mass distraction”, as investor Warren Buffet calls them – describe the route the world takes when “financial markets, financial institutions and financial élites gain greater influence over economic policy and economic outcomes”.  This is what the financialization of the economy is about. A process that ultimately threatens the very funding efforts needed to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and makes us all vulnerable to the frequent crisis cycles that the casino capitalism driven by digital high-frequency trading needs to survive.

Addressing this phenomenon is the focus of the report Spotlight on financial justice: Understanding global inequalities to overcome financial injustice, launched at  the end of September during the UN General Assembly in New York (http://citizensforfinancialjustice.org/resource/spotlight-on-financial-justice-understanding-global-inequalities-to-overcome-financial-injustice/).  Through five thematic areas – 1. food and land; 2. health; 3. women’s rights; 4. housing; 5. infrastructure –  the report illustrates how the overexpansion of the finance industry remains one of the systemic drivers of rising inequalities, in the face of the international community’s engagement to reduce them through the 2030 Agenda.

After the 2008 financial crisis started in the global North, the governance structures and the deregulation regimes that had got us there, especially the uncontrolled expansion of the financial sector over the real economy, finally raised enough red flags. Notwithstanding their direct responsibility in the global financial collapse, major  banks were bailed out by governments using taxpayers’ money. At the same time, those very governments were overruling their human rights obligations by resorting to austerity measures to balance the loss of public finance, thereby creating pervasive negative effects on peoples’ lives, and dignity, around the globe. Consequences included reducing communities’ access to natural resources, restrictions on housing and employment, a considerable decrease of access to basic public healthcare services.

Greek people know only too well what financialization of health means, through the harsh lessons of EU austerity cuts and loan agreements imposed by the trojka (the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the IMF) to the Greek government, without any consideration for their potential side effects. The Greek administration, as the report accounts, was forced to reduce investments and put severe strains on core social services, which severely undermined community resilience to the crisis. The national health budget suffered a contraction of 36% between 2009 and 2014, which resulted in the meltdown of the Greek public health system. Infant mortality rose by 50%, especially among infant younger than one year. Chronic disease increased by 24,2%, due to the collapse of the healthcare system and the absence of the needed medical treatments caused by lack of financial means.  Mental illness among the population soared from 3.3% in 2008 to 12.3% in 2013. Greece’s prescription for the shock to the healthcare system was state subsidized health insurance, but with the unemployment rate at 27%, many remained outside the eligible criteria. Cost sharing for healthcare increased remarkably even for those with insurance, while entitlement restrictions were introduced for childbirth and a range of other essential interventions.

The discourse on Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is today one of the driving institutional paths stimulating the penetration of private finance into the social arena of health, at country level. With different shapes, UHC is overall featured by concerted efforts to promote models of healthcare financing based on affordable user fees and voluntary health insurance schemes, alongside the expansion of privately owned healthcare infrastructures. In this way, loan based approaches like microfinance are opening up new opportunities for rent seeking from the poor. There has never been a more exciting time to be an investor in health, especially now that the combined burden of communicable and non communicable diseases is sharpening perceptions on the needs for health in lower income countries.

Beyond the health domain, the euphoria for financialization seems to have captured contemporary international development circles, primarily by means of multi-stakeholder partnerships. Escorting private finance into development is increasingly touted by alliances of multilateral institutions, national governments and owners of equity investment funds and private capital overall. The assumption is that multi-stakeholderism may be the solution to the current problems with the multilateral system[i], and that resorting to private money is the inevitable strategy if the world is to catch up for the estimated annual gap of US$ 2.5 trillion required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – a gap considered beyond the capability of public funding [ii].  The acceptance of an argument that makes poverty bankable finds in this context no institutional resistance. This is what drives new asset classes such as the impact bonds (like the Cameroon Cataract Performance Bond) or the catastrophe insurance schemes like the Ebola bonds, betting on international health outbreaks within the Pandemic Emergency Financial Facility.

The financialization of global health poses a range of complex questions:

  • a governance issue, due to the fragmentation produced in the health system and the hybridization of the role of health institutions at all levels;
  • a democratic issue, since financial markets are based on private agreements usually covered by a confidentiality clause. The use of public funding can be traced, at least in theory, while the same does not apply to private sector investments, which entails some negative externalities in terms of transparency and accountability;
  • a market related issue, to the extent that the provision of healthcare services may end up being exposed to the volatility of the financial casino;
  • a cultural issue, in the sense that health financialization may well influence consumerism, and people’s culture around the healthcare approach to be desired.

While the right to health is constantly redesigned to play an ancillary role to financial markets, the global health community needs to raise its visual spectrum beyond diseases to better understand and address the speculative dynamics of finance advancing in the health sector, with little promise of sustainability. This is urgent.

 

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[i]  Gleckman, H. (2019), “How the United Nations is quietly being turned into a public-private partnership: A new agreement with the World Economic Forum gives multinational corporations influence over matters of global governance”, OpenDemocracy, 2 July 2019, https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/oureconomy/how-united-nations-quietly-being-turned-public-private-partnership/.

[ii]  Hunter, B. and Murray, S.  (2019):  Deconstructing the Financialization of Healthcare, Development and Change 0(0): 1–25. DOI: 10.1111/dech.12517, p. 1

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Reaching out and Engaging with SE Asian Communities: Health, Shared Value and Business

How can local businesses wilfully help alleviate some of the everyday problems faced by individuals and families in SE Asian communities? What roles can local companies play and what strategies can they deploy to help promote their products and services, whilst also acknowledging and addressing the pressures that people face every day? This article tries answering these questions by a shared value approach whereby social pressures and problems are identified as the raw material from which to build a sustainable competitive advantage

By Philip J Gover* BA MA MPH

Public Health Consultant

Cooperation Works

Reaching out and Engaging with SE Asian Communities

Health, Shared Value and Business in the Community

 

How can local businesses wilfully help alleviate some of the everyday problems faced by individuals and families in SE Asian communities?  In an ever-increasing competitive environment, companies inform me that they are consistently looking for credible ways in which to connect with consumers, that allows them to both build mutually beneficial relations, whilst also delivering social outcomes.

Along these lines, what roles can a local company play and what strategies can they deploy to help promote their products and services, whilst also acknowledging and addressing the pressures that people face every day?

During a recent assignment with a local SME (Bottled Spring Water Company), I helped develop some ideas which were considered valuable in light of the aforementioned aspirations.  I have provided some brief notes from this social development assignment which may offer ideas for other companies both locally and further afar.

Business in the Community
  1. Shared Value

In parallel with everyday operational and performance management activities, most companies are typically drawn towards ideas and options that help them to develop the market for their products and services. In view of this, companies often relaunch products and services, if only to refresh the important association that exists between them and their customer base. A number of regular and orthodox marketing tools and methods can be used to achieve this.

However, distinct from these typical methods and activities, it was noted that a different type of product relaunch could provide the company with an opportunity to do something socially different. Here, the product relaunch was intended to be used to inform the development of a more dynamic and engaging set of activities, that carry with it the prospect of delivering both customer loyalty and more sustainable socio-economic benefits, over the short, medium and long term.

In this approach, our proposed relaunch sought to consider the product(s) (bottled spring water), alongside the needs of the company, its customers, and the customers’ community environment.

At first, this might seem like a strange tactic to take.  However, this approach enabled the company to engage in, and fully experience the lifeworld in which the customer and the customers’ needs exist. By fully engaging in these dimensions, the company wanted to both prepare and prime itself to exploit a richer depth of benefit.

Whilst this approach doesn’t seek to place every pressure and local problem at the door of every local company, it does offer a method by which companies can select and target pressures, based upon a considered assessment and prioritisation process. However, by collaborating with other businesses, using a similar methodology, this approach can become considerably more influential and powerful.  A simple example can be given.

A mature company embraces this approach and considers the needs of the company, its customers, and the rural communities in which its customers live. The company chooses to print tokens on its product labelling, which guides and encourages customers to collect, on behalf of their children’s local schools. Upon redemption, participating schools are rewarded with books, microscopes or computers etc.

These types of incentives are important to both the company, customers and the community in which the customers exist. In the lifeworld of the customer, parents observe their children benefitting from enriched learning. The school benefits from closer ties with children’s families and increases its capability to teach and perform. Science is taught more robustly, and new learning quickly finds its way to discussions around the family dining table. A chain reaction of positive changes no less.

This type of business engagement also helps to reduce the educational inequality and disadvantage that besets customer communities. Changes in these areas bring increased hope and ambition to the lives of its population.  Of additional importance, this range of benefits, which can be clearly measured and witnessed, becomes branded and attributed to the leadership of the company.

At present, many beverage companies in the community use customer reward programmes that involve ‘cash pay-outs’, or material ‘give-aways’ to ‘lucky’ customers. These simple gimmicks do little to reduce the preventable pressure on schools and communities, whose pupils will, at some future stage, represent the pool of local available talent. A talent pool that the company itself will depend upon, one day, for its future workforce. In this sense, the company engineers and reaps long-term benefits from an incentive scheme that promotes its product within the local educational base.  By blending commercial interests with both customer and community interests, new and authentic customer relationships can be built.

  • For the company, the value lies in the prospect of continuous increased brand awareness and customer loyalty.
  • For the customer, value lies in the sense and feeling of improved cohesion within the family and community.

Fundamentally, this form of commercial cooperation builds and fortifies communities. If managed efficiently, this approach can provide the basis for a range of new commercial opportunities that stimulate growth.

In its simplest form, this overarching approach can be considered a mild form of ‘shared value’ and represents a management strategy that is being adopted today, by the most innovative companies throughout the world.

When shared value is adopted, the company becomes a valuable and enabling agent, both in the eyes of the customer and the community. When local businesses come together to pursue this collectively, in a coordinated manner, a circular and more sustainable economy evolves, that is capable of addressing social and economic pressures in transformational ways. This is nothing short of business leadership at its best.

In view of the market that is associated with bottled water, this type of activity could be of clear interest to a local Spring Water Company and represent an opportunity for discussion and decisive consideration.

  1. Opportunities for a Local Spring Water Company

Our company produces a valuable and familiar product, bottled mineral water. In a mixed marketplace.  It competes in a space with a range of hot, cold, sugared, fruit-flavoured, caffeinated and alcoholic products, to name but a few.  Yet, its unique selling point is valued and competitive. It is produced locally, at source, at a famous and historic site in SE Asia.  It is mineral rich and healthy.

In view of this, and by adopting shared value, the Spring Water Company could lead, establish and benefit from advantages that help distinguish itself, from both rival and choice-based competing products.

As a starting point, it was suggested that the Spring Water Company consider the method and activities outlined above, and as appropriate, utilise the available training and development options, that exist, to assist companies in this area.

The shared value approach, and the distinct activities associated with it, is often prepared in advance of a focussed corporate event. A conference style relaunch event can often be used as a pinnacle event, to signal and announce both a new corporate motivation and desire to lead on new customer and community engagement methods. These events typically focus on, and reiterate a wilful emphasis around key themes:

  • The company’s future depends on the authenticity of its customer engagement.
  • Woven within the term sustainable development, is interdependence.
  • Societal issues exist, which the company wants to influence, shape and change.
  • That cooperation is a great equaliser.
  • The future can be managed efficiently, using collaborative based partnerships.

There is an important and valuable point to note here, a note that companies are often unaware of. That is, there is no shame in communicating, with volume, to the outside world, that you want to grow your market, in partnership, and in doing so, help promote or prevent an important issue. This is not only what your customers want, it is what your current and future customers expect.

These focussed corporate events, used to relaunch products and services are effective at associating stakeholders, building partnerships and ‘calling for action’ on key specific issues. Establishing a public event of this kind, gives the company a unique opportunity to assemble a wide-ranging body of influential partners, stakeholders and cause specific champions.

Careful consideration should be taken in identifying and assembling this audience. Time well spent on this element, can have a multiplier effect both on the event, future activities and outcomes that evolve from them. Beyond this, these events create phenomenal media exposure and positive publicity, which the company, its customers and their communities can directly benefit from.

  1. Which Customer & Community Issues Matter Most

The Spring Water Company has a golden opportunity to engage with its customers and communities, in a number of new and authentic ways.  In doing so, it can elevate its status and generate improved brand awareness. In the interests of its own future, it can choose to view and understand the vital-signs that surround its customers and communities.

In doing so, it can, through endeavour, become a company whose thought leadership is associated with social impact and innovation. It can, through commitment, become the transformational leader that its customers and communities’ want and value.

Yet in practical terms, how might this happen? What and where are the opportunities to both blend and engage in company, customer and community needs?

The precise answers to these questions invariably arise through an exploratory assessment of the needs of the company, its customers and the communities in which they live. However, some indicative ideas can be considered, in order to stimulate ideas and elaborate the overarching approach.

Given both the nature of the Spring Water Company product, and the circumstances that characterise SE Asia, health and education related issues present as obvious areas for consideration. It should be noted that these are not the only pressures or opportunities that could be engaged with or developed.

On an international level, the obesity epidemic is driving up the burden of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancers, heart disease and diabetes. Given the remedial health benefits of physical activity and hydration, this is a clear entry point for the Spring Water Company. An entry point into the sports, leisure and recreation space to name but a few. Note, this entry point exists for the company, its customers and the communities in which they live.

As such, what would it take, for the Spring Water Company to use its management facilities to proactively encourage, lead and support the development of a project, in partnership with other companies and stakeholders, that established a new Mountain Bike workshop(s) across 6 key villages?  Here unemployed adults and local young people could be taught to design, engineer, build, sell and race their own ‘Community Matters’ branded Mountain Bikes.

In a geographical area blessed with a welcoming mountain terrain, this type of community initiative could help develop multiple benefits. It could help ramp up physical activity, reduce road traffic, stimulate the development of clubs, cycle paths, improve tourism, and introduce bespoke manufacturing, technology, design and business acumen, to an otherwise eclipsed customer base. Furthermore, it is worth remembering that alongside every exercising body, is a happy thirsty soul.

The statistical prevalence of drowning in SE Asia has largely gone unnoticed in recent years. Given that the majority of the world’s children live in SE Asia, these statistics describe an issue that is nothing short of scandalous. These family shattering incidents occur in SE Asian communities every day.

As such, what would it take, for the same Spring Water Company to adopt this issue, and lead in partnership, a coordinated effort, to ensure that every child in Village X, Town Y or Provence Z, is taught to swim by the age of 5.  By leading and working in partnership with parents, communities, schools and local businesses, wet facilities could be shared, commissioned or built, ensuring that a common, preventable and fatal risk was eliminated.

Whilst water can be understood as the basis for life, it can, given rogue circumstances, deny us of it. As health economists routinely point out, where the concept of prevention is absent, society in its entire guise, almost always pays a high and avoidable price.

Besides the extensive and life-long health benefits of swimming, the ability to swim provides individuals (customers) with a respectful association and positive attitude towards water.  For many people in SE Asia, access to unadulterated food and clean drinking water is extremely challenging. Poor nutrition and dehydration carry real health costs, and account for the lion’s share of poor health.  These are the primary risks that carry fatal conditions for many children, especially during the earliest and most important years of life.

What would it take, for Spring Water Company to acknowledge this association between food and water, and establish specific community-based learning facilities, where hydroponic and aquaponic technology could be demonstrated and shared?  In partnership with communities, schools, hospitals and universities, these types of facilities could exploit a pent-up demand for lifelong learning and appeal to extended members of the family.

Hydroponic and aquaponic technology use specific methods, were nutrient rich water is managed and recycled, in order to produce a variety of fast cropping, fresh consumable food. Given the abundant availability of rooftop space, derelict land and unproductive communal areas, micro and urban farming represents a glowing opportunity to supplement health and arrest community-based food insecurity.

These types of activities not only support customers with limited resources, but also reduce the environmental impact associated with food related transport and distribution. With in-house water, science and technological knowledge, the Spring Water Company could assist, or be at the forefront of helping to reduce food insecurity. Thereby helping to contribute to a healthier and sustainable customer base.

  1. Summary

Shared Value is different from charitable giving. It’s also different from Corporate Social Responsibility. It distinguishes itself by identifying social pressures and problems as the raw material from which to build a sustainable competitive advantage.

For our Spring Water Company, associating with Health, Education & Prevention related development could provide a useful focal point from which to develop authentic customer and community engagement.

It is noticeable that GoPro blends its needs with its customers and communities and uses photography as a means to promote adventure. National Geographic does the same, using reading and documentary journalism as a means to promote science and discovery.

In this sense, a straight forward challenge exists for our Spring Water Company – what do you value most and what does your company stand for, and equally against.

For the most part, the answers to these questions typically exist within the Boardroom. However, the most valued answers can be uncovered by engaging with your customers and developing a deeper appreciation of how their lives, are lived in their communities. In this sense, the Spring Water Company can create its own version of shared value, and reap the sustainable benefits that derive from it.

 

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*Philip J Gover is professionally trained in Community Development, Public Health and Business Enterprise.  Operating across SE Asia, Philip provides public private and NGOs with prevention, and development support around key public health themes.  Contact: philip@cooperation.works  Cambodia +855 092254595

 

Italy’s Way Forward in Clinical Trials Transparency

Non-fulfilment all over the European Union (EU), including Italy, of due  transparency regarding the registration in publicly available databases of research clinical trials and their results runs contrary to the human right to equitable access to health and puts financial resources for research at risk. This article, authored by AIFA (Italian Medicines Agency) Director General Dr. Luca Li Bassi, adds to debate while highlighting the relevant steps forward recently taken by Italy

By Dr. Luca Li Bassi

Director General

AIFA (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco – Italian Medicines Agency)

Italy’s Way Forward in Clinical Trials Transparency

 

The availability and full access to transparent information on clinical trials contributes to the protection of public health as well as to the promotion of innovation and clinical research advances. This fundamental principle is at the basis of the increasing commitment from all the concerned institutions at the EU level to stimulate the publication of the results of the clinical trials on the international registries. In fact, some studies indicate low percentages of publication rates of trials results, especially of those non-commercial (related to academic and independent non-profit research). According to a recent elaboration by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the rate of publication in the European register EudraCT of nonprofit trials results was found to be less than 25%, while the publication of the results of the sponsors’ trials on the same register appears to be around 75%. The National Agencies – and among them AIFA – in strong cooperation with the EMA and the European Commission follow this aspect with particular attention, in order to increase the percentage of publication of the results of the trials. To this end, the principles and indications for the publication of results of pediatric trials and trials in the adult population have just been published by the EU Commission on EudraLex, Vol. 10, Clinical Trials, with a reminder to all sponsors, profit and nonprofit, to apply these requirements and proceed with the publication within the established terms.

Furthermore, Regulation (EU) No. 536/2014 of future implementation on clinical trials of medicines for human use imposes transparency in the conduct of studies, from their authorization to the publication of the results on the EU Portal, including negative results.

To this regard, the European Commission, EMA and the Network of the Heads of Medicines Agencies (HMA) have co-signed a letter reminding all sponsors of clinical trials conducted in the European Union of the obligation to submit a summary of the results in the EU database.

Transparency as main driver to equal access to treatments is also the value underneath the commitment of the Italian Ministry of Health which in February 2019 submitted to the WHO a draft resolution for the implementation of measures to enhance transparency of markets for drugs, vaccines and health technologies. In the document it is also mentioned the lack of direct and simple access to complete information on the results of clinical trials and post-marketing studies. The Resolution – adopted in May 2019 from 192 out of 194 countries gathered in the 72nd World Assembly of the WHO – invites Member States to take the necessary measures to support the dissemination and access to data of clinical trial results regardless of their outcomes, including costs, where already public. Italy was the first country to submit a recommendation on transparency to a supranational body such as WHO, aiming to guarantee that health investments are committed as efficiently as possible, so to give the maximum return in terms of global health impact.

The more transparent the system is, the wider access to health is provided. The goal is set, the roadmap clear. Cooperation and strong commitment of the entities involved is the key to proceed.

 

References

EMA: Call for all sponsors to publish clinical trial results in EU database https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/call-all-sponsors-publish-clinical-trial-results-eu-database

EudraLex – Volume 10 – Clinical trials  guidelines https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/eudralex/vol-10_en#fragment1

Clinical trials – Regulation EU No 536/2014 https://ec.europa.eu/health/human-use/clinical-trials/regulation_it

Letter to stakeholders regarding the requirements to provide results for authorised clinical trials in EUDRACT https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/joint-letter-european-commission-ema-hma-stakeholders-regarding-requirements-provide-results_en.pdf

Italy’s Draft WHO resolution: Improving the transparency of markets for drugs, vaccines and other health-related technologies https://www.keionline.org/29721

Resolution adopted by the 72nd  WHO Word Assembly ‘Improving the transparency of markets for medicines, vaccines, and other health products’ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA72/A72_ACONF2Rev1-en.pdf

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On the same topic recently on PEAH

The Evil of Unregistered Clinical Trials in Europe‘ by Daniele Dionisio

INTERVIEW – ‘Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future’ – Routledge, 1st edition, 2019

Ways forward to ensure the sustainability of people and the planet are needed at a time when the interdependencies among humans, animals, plants and the environment are to be recognized as the cornerstone to drive/steer the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this connection, PEAH had the pleasure to interview Dr George Lueddeke as the author of the recently published cross-disciplinary book Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future Routledge, 1st edition, 2019. Including contributions from the World Bank, InterAction Council, Chatham House, UNESCO, World Economic Forum, the Tripartite One Health collaboration (UN Food and Agriculture Organization, World Organisation for Animal Health and World Health Organization), One Health Commission and more - this book cuts across sociopolitical, economic and environmental lines

By Daniele Dionisio

PEAH – Policies for Equitable Access to Health

INTERVIEW 

George Lueddeke

 Chair, One Health Education Task Force

Chair, international One Health for One Planet Education Initiative (1 HOPE)

One Health Commission and One Health Initiative

 Consultant in Higher and Medical Education,  Southampton, UK

George R. Lueddeke MEd PhD Dipl.AVES (Hon.) is an educational advisor in higher and medical education and chairs the global One Health Education Task Force for the One Health Commission and the One Health Initiative as well as the international One Health for One Planet Education Initiative (1 HOPE). He has published widely on educational transformation, innovation and leadership and been invited as a plenary speaker to different corners of the world. Bio

 

– PEAHDr. Lueddeke, the international One Health for One Planet Education (1 HOPE) initiative was created to address perhaps the most important social problem of our time:‘How to change the way humans relate to the planet and each other to ensure a more sustainable future to all life’.

On this wavelength, what about the main purpose of Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future?

 Table of contents here

– Lueddeke: The book tries to make sense of the uncertain and tense (“rattling”) times we are experiencing and asserts that the One Health & Well-Being concept (OHWB) – that recognises the interdependencies among humans, animals, plants and their shared environment – is  critical  to safeguarding our future while also  providing  a “unity around a common purpose” that seems to be missing globally. I prefer the term One Health & Well-Being  (vs just ‘One Health’) as it emphasises not only the crucial importance of human physical and mental well-being but also the need to strive toward meeting socioeconomic, geopolitical and ecological conditions to ensure the sustainability of all living species and the planet.

I also argue that the OHWB approach ought to drive/steer the 17 UN-2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that were agreed by all 193 Member States of the United Nations in September 2015. The main aim of the UN Global Goals is  to create ‘a more just, sustainable and peaceful world.’ The OHWB perspective  needs to inform and encourage decision-makers at all levels – especially Civil Society- to get behind the UN global initiative regardless of ideological persuasion or divisions. The challenge is how to get government, business and civil society behind OHWB and the SDGs across all nations – those that are more economically developed and those that are developing and of course those that are in disarray – many for reasons that defy logic. Concentrating on local needs guided by global/national priorities that are in keeping with sustainability values and practices is without a doubt  the best way forward.

There are about 7.7 billion people on the planet, and it is estimated that there will be over 9.8 billion by 2050  and 11.2 billion in 2100. Climate change, urbanisation, pandemics, conflicts (globally we spend over US $7 trillion on war and only $ 3% on peace-c. $6 billion! ) and  food security are main issues we need to tackle now and feature in the book along with health care – perhaps prompting reconsideration of the term “Public Health” and widening its remit to the more inclusive “Global Health and Well-Being” as the focus must shift to ecocentrism.

Changing the way we think and behave should no longer be a question of why but how -although our main concerns continue to be political and economic rather than sustaining the planet. Populism, nationalism and isolationism are the antithesis of the paths toward which we ought to be striving. The root causes of these movements need to be investigated and solutions found that ensure global equity, peace and sustainability.  It may be important to remind global decision-makers that if we fail to save the planet  none of the other human activities will matter. Shelley’s poem Ozymandias (1818) comes to mind. I am also reminded of a quote by  economist and author John Kenneth Galbraith  –  ‘A nuclear war does not defend a country and it does not defend a system …not even the most accomplished ideologue will be able to tell the difference between the ashes of capitalism and the ashes of communism.’

– PEAHThe book highlights two of our greatest social problems: changing the way we relate to the planet and to one another and confronting how we use technology for the benefit of both humankind and the planet. How to translate theory into practice?

 – Lueddeke: Several years ago, Marco Lambertini, executive director at WWF, made clear why there has to be a major societal transformation. As one example, he observed that  ‘in less than two human generations, population sizes of vertebrate species have dropped by half.’ Further, he reminded us: ‘These are the living forms that constitute the fabric of the ecosystems which sustain life on earth and the barometer of what we are doing to our planet, our only home.’ He also warned that ‘We ignore their decline at our peril.’ Echoing the book’s main theme, he also emphasised the need for ‘unity around a common cause,’ collaboration, and leadership ‘to start thinking globally and to stop behaving as if we have a limitless world.’

In the intervening five years since the WWF report was published, too few leaders – G7 (France, United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada [ Russia suspended]  and E7 (emerging – China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Indonesia and Turkey) have listened. Given the available evidence today (e.g., the UN biodiversity report published in May 2019!), there is now, unquestionably, a  pressing need to re-orient society towards a sustainable future. The challenge is to shift our perspective  from two-dimensional to three-dimensional, ‘orbital’ thinking, as NASA International Space Station  astronaut Col Ron Garan contends – ‘bringing to the forefront the long-term and global effects of every decision.’

– PEAHRelevantly, you maintain in the book that two fundamental changes are necessary if we – and all other species – are to survive in the coming decades. Tell us more, please, around these changes.

 – Lueddeke: In terms of sustainability we are challenged to make a fundamental mindshift – adopt a new worldview – to ensure our needs as human beings are compatible with the needs of our outer world – our ecosystem. Education is key in this regard as are global/national/local policies and strategies that underpin OHWB and the SDGs.

Secondly, we must  ensure that technology / AI is used only for peaceful purposes and in support of the health and well-being of all species and the planet. The dangers of techno warfare and genetically engineered viruses are all too real and we must learn from history. The late physicist, Stephen Hawking, said it best ‘We are all different we all share the human spirit’  but  ‘unless crucial societal transformations occur, including the prevention of nuclear war, global warming and genetically engineered viruses –  the shelf life of Homo sapiens could be extremely short.’

The battle between technology and humanity may yet become our greatest threat. As we head further into a techno-driven  society – age of quantum computers (where computations can be done in minutes vs 10,000 years on today’s supercomputers),  there is a real danger that we become increasingly dehumanised rather than as Klaus Schwab, executive chair of the World Economic Forum, aspired, that we refocus on becoming ‘better humans.’

– PEAHSummarised in *Ten Propositions for Global Sustainability*(Ch. 12), the volume calls for the One Health and Well-Being concept to become the cornerstone of our educational systems and societal institutions – helping to create – in keeping with the UN 2030 Global Goals – a more “just, sustainable and peaceful world.” Can you detail about the Propositions in their connection with the One Health and Well-Being concept?

– Lueddeke: Two of the main recommendations of Survival is that the One Health & Well-Being concept should become the cornerstone of our educational systems and society at large and that OHWB principles and approach should underpin the UN-2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

The Propositions cut across socioeconomic, geopolitical and environmental lines. The need for a paradigm shift and peaceful use of technology have already been mentioned. Others relate to migration, genuine collaboration among government, business, civil society, and actively promoting ‘the values of equality, democracy, tolerance and respect.’ The need for global discussion on these and other propositions seems essential. The UN could be best placed to lead on the initiative perhaps supported by higher education institutions (universities, colleges, etc) of which there are about 26,000 impacting on the lives of millions.

To raise awareness across education systems and communities, the One Health Education Task Force along with a global planning team are evolving   an international One Health for One Planet Education Initiative (1 HOPE). Anyone interested in joining a working group can sign up https://tinyurl.com/y2ux5b5g

– PEAHProposition 10, inter alia, focuses on reforming the UN Security Council established right after WWII (1946).What does this mean?

– Lueddeke: Well, the UNSC was formed after WWII (1946) consisting of 5 permanent members (US, China, Russia, UK, France), while in 2019, the most densely populated regions with the greatest poverty and conflicts – Africa (c. 1.2 bill), India (c.1.3 bill), SE Asia (c. 600 mill), Middle East (c. 400 mill) – c. 50 % [3.5 bill out of c 7.7 bill] – are NOT  permanently represented. Shifting to regional (6) representation (vs countries) would clearly be in the best interest of the world given the need for global accountability and sustainability.

UNSC members should also be held  globally  accountable by key stakeholders – governmnet, business, civil society – for  their  role in maintaining world peace and security – based on a  genuine commitment to shared people and planet values.  The question is how can we achieve these ends when forces are pushing the world in the opposite direction. Surely, these decision-makers also have children and grand-children and would like to see them thrive in a better world where hopes and dreams can be realised.

– PEAH As for the range of key topics covered in the book?

 – Lueddeke: This is my third book this decade and in a way represents a personal journey of discovery trying to understand the world and healthcare – first from a more narrow  human-centric medical education perspective (Medical Education for the 21st Century), moving to the wider public health horizon and recognizing the limitations of my assumptions (Global Population Health &Well-Being in the 21st Century)  to pulling various strands together in Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future. I don’t think I could have written the latter without the former. The new publication is really a building block of personal knowledge acquisition tinged by personal and professional experience in Canada and the UK plus other countries.

– PEAHAs reported…The sub-discipline that has perhaps come closest to integrating other disciplines, including medicine and environmental science, is public health. In Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future, George R. Lueddeke, the chair of the One Health Education Task Force, shows how public health can be incorporated into a wide range of fields to address individual, population, and ecosystem health…’With respect to this, kindly let us know more.

  Lueddeke: This quote appears in one of the on-line book reviews and comes from a World Economic Forum / Political Syndicate on-line article, “Economics can no longer ignore the earth’s natural boundaries,” written by Erik Berglof at the London School of Economics. Three  key messages are  that 1) economists have treated inequality too narrowly and that income disparities within countries are caused mainly by global financial forces rather than local labor-market conditions; 2) policies are required to make society more sustainable; and 3) a new field of planetary social science is needed to bring together ‘different perspectives, conceptual frameworks, and analytical tools.’ He affirms that public health is closest to integrating other disciplines and refers to  Survival: One Health, One Planet, One Future,  and ‘how public health can be incorporated into a wide range of fields to address individual, population, and ecosystem health.’

Survival concludes with a discussion on the leadership role that Generation Z – those – the ‘fixers’ born in the mid 90s – need to play in the  decades that lie ahead . They are  becoming the face of the planet and are much more tolerant of others  and thrive on collaboration.  Recalling the eloquent words of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr,  Gen Z  are certainly far from silent ‘about things that matter.’ Their voices must be heard across the globe as their future depends on decisions we make today!

– PEAHYour insightful answers best enhance the book. So compounded, the volume is of great interest to policy-makers, multi-professional practitioners, academics, students across all disciplines and concerned members of the general public – especially the younger generation – in both developed and developing nations. For many reviewers to date, your book is indeed a wake-up call which needs to be heard “loud and clear” globally.

Reviews here

Just echoing a recent endorsement by Tracy Collins, founder at The Island Retreat, County Cork, Ireland ‘… When we accept that humankind is part of something bigger, then the world will be a better place. Our natural world is not there to provide us with unlimited resources…it really is time to start learning to respect it. Thank  you George R. Lueddeke for being a voice of reason in a world of chaos!’